Personal Finance 101 The Complete Guide

Introduction.

From there, you need to create a plan that will help you achieve your goals while avoiding costly detours.

The good news is that taking control of your finances can provide an immediate payoff by reducing stress. According to a 2019 survey, 9 in 10 adults feel happier and more confident when their finances are in order.

This guide is designed to help you gain that same sense of confidence and happiness by taking control of your finances. It’s up to you whether you follow the guide from start to finish or jump to the specific sections that interest you.

In the next sections, we will explore the seven key steps that will help you achieve long-term financial security.

Set short-term and long-term goals

Possibilities to consider:

• Short-term goals to achieve in the next year or so: Start by building an emergency fund that can cover your living expenses for at least three months. You can do this by creating and following a budget that allows you to save a portion of your income each month. Additionally, limit new credit card charges to what you can pay off in full each month. If you have existing credit card balances, prioritize paying them off.
• Longer-term goals: It’s important to start saving at least 10% of your gross salary every year for your retirement. This can be achieved by setting up automatic contributions to a retirement account such as a 401(k) or IRA. You should also start saving for a down payment on a home if you plan to buy one in the future. Lastly, consider saving for a child’s or grandchild’s education in a tax-advantaged 529 Plan.

Remember, creating a master list of all your financial goals is a smart first step. This will help you plot a course of action and stay on track towards achieving your goals. Whether you prefer to keep your list on a spreadsheet or on paper, make sure to give yourself some quiet time to think it through. At its heart, a financial plan delivers the means to help you feel safe and secure, so you can focus on living, not worrying.

Create a Budget

Creating a budget is an essential step to achieving your financial goals. It involves accounting for all your income and expenses to gain a clear understanding of where your money is going. By doing so, you can make adjustments to ensure you are on track to meet your financial goals.

One popular budgeting framework is the 50/30/20 approach. With this method, you aim to spend 50% of your after-tax income on essential costs such as rent/mortgage, food, and car payments. The next 30% is allocated to other needed expenses like phone and streaming plans or “nice to haves” such as dining out. The remaining 20% is dedicated to savings, including emergency reserves, retirement, and down payment funds for a house or car.

Another framework is the 60% Solution, which divides spending and saving targets differently but still emphasizes the importance of saving for long-term goals.

If your current spending habits do not align with either approach, it may be time to consider adjusting your spending or increasing your income. You can do this by taking on a side gig, pushing for a promotion or raise, or finding other ways to increase your income.

To create a budget, you can use an Excel or Google Docs spreadsheet to track your income and expenses. Alternatively, there are budgeting apps that can sync with your bank accounts to make tracking your spending in real-time easier.

Remember, creating a budget is essential to achieving your financial goals. By gaining a clear understanding of your cash flow and making adjustments as needed, you can ensure that you are on the path to financial success.

Build an Emergency Fund

Having an emergency fund can provide a sense of security and reduce financial stress. However, according to a survey by Bankrate.com, 60% of people do not have enough money saved to cover a $1,000 emergency bill. Therefore, it is essential to create an emergency fund to protect yourself from unexpected expenses.

To start building your emergency fund, you need to set a goal for how much you want to save. It is recommended to have at least three to six months’ worth of living expenses saved in an emergency account. Don’t worry if you can’t imagine reaching that goal right away. The key is to create an automated system that adds money to your emergency fund each month.

The best way to achieve this is to open a separate savings account in a bank or credit union that you designate as your emergency fund. By doing this, you will avoid the temptation to use the money for non-emergencies. Online savings banks typically offer the highest yields, so consider opening a high-yield online savings account and setting up an automatic transfer from your checking account into it.

To avoid spending the money, decline the debit card that the online bank might offer you. By doing this, you will be less likely to use the money for non-emergencies.

In summary, building an emergency fund is crucial to protect yourself from unexpected expenses. Set a goal, create an automated system, and open a separate savings account to achieve this.

Pay off Costly Credit Card Debt

Paying off high-rate debt is a smart financial decision. The interest rate charged on unpaid credit card balances is often very high, making it difficult to build financial security. The average interest rate charged on unpaid balances is around 17%, which can quickly add up and become overwhelming.

If you have a solid credit score, you may consider transferring your balance to a new card with a balance transfer deal. This could allow you to avoid paying interest for an initial period, giving you time to make significant progress in repayment without interest continuing to accrue.

Here are some steps you can take to pay off your credit card debt:

• Create a budget and cut back on unnecessary expenses
• Prioritize paying off high-interest debt first
• Consider a balance transfer to a card with a lower interest rate
• Make extra payments whenever possible
• Avoid using your credit card until your debt is paid off

By taking these steps, you can pay off your credit card debt and start building financial security for your future.

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If a balance transfer is not an option for you, there are two popular strategies to get out of debt that you may consider: the “avalanche” and the “snowball” methods.

The avalanche method involves paying the minimum due on all your credit cards and then adding extra money to the card with the highest interest rate. Once the balance on the highest-rate card is paid off, you move on to the card with the next-highest interest rate and repeat the process. This method makes the most financial sense as it saves you more money in the long run.

To find the extra money to add to the highest-rate card, you may need to review your budget and identify areas where you can reduce expenses. This may involve cutting out unnecessary expenses or making strategic adjustments to reduce your monthly outlays.

On the other hand, the snowball method involves sending your extra monthly payments to the card with the smallest unpaid balance. This method provides a psychological boost as you see progress more quickly and can motivate you to continue paying off your debts.

Ultimately, the choice between these two methods depends on your personal preference and financial situation. While the avalanche method saves you more money, the snowball method may be more motivating and easier to stick to.

Save for Retirement

To live comfortably in retirement, it’s important to start saving as early as possible. The longer you wait, the more you’ll need to contribute to reach your retirement goals. A good guideline is to have retirement account balances equal to two times your salary by age 35, six times your salary by age 50, and 10 times your salary by your late 60s.

The best way to save for retirement is to use special accounts that offer valuable tax breaks. Many workplaces offer retirement accounts such as 401(k) and 403(b) plans, while everyone with earned income can contribute to their own individual retirement account (IRA). Brokerages also offer IRAs.

You can choose between a “traditional” account or a “Roth” account when contributing to both 401(k)/403(b) plans and IRAs. With traditional accounts, you receive an upfront tax break, while with Roth accounts, the tax break is delivered in retirement.

To ensure you’re on track to meet your retirement goals, consider taking the following steps at different life stages:

In Your 20s

• Start saving at least 10% of your gross salary as soon as possible. Saving 15% is even better.
• Don’t pass up a workplace retirement saving bonus. Ensure you’re contributing enough to receive the maximum matching contribution offered to all employees.
• If you don’t have a workplace plan, consider opening an IRA. Independent contractors and perma-gig workers can qualify for a SEP IRA, which allows for higher contributions than regular IRAs.
• Consider saving in a Roth if you’re in a lower tax bracket. Anyone can contribute to a Roth 401(k) or 403(b) if the plan offers it, but there is an income cutoff to be eligible to save in a Roth IRA.

Remember, the earlier you start saving for retirement, the better off you’ll be in the long run.

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If you are in your 30s, it is recommended that you contribute 15% of your gross salary to your retirement plan. When changing jobs, avoid cashing out your workplace retirement plan. Instead, leave the money where it is or consider a 401(k) rollover. Cashing out will result in a 10% IRS penalty and you may also owe income tax. Furthermore, you are stealing from your future self who will need that money in retirement. By leaving the money where it is or rolling it over, you are ensuring that your retirement savings continue to grow.

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In your 40s, it’s essential to take steps to ensure that you’re on track to retire comfortably. One way to do this is to use an online retirement calculator to determine if you’re saving enough. Financial advisors recommend having two to three times your annual salary saved in retirement funds by your 40s. If you’re falling short, it’s time to reevaluate your budget and lifestyle to find ways to save more.

When it comes to paying for college, it’s important to prioritize your retirement savings over your child’s education. Working with your child to focus on schools that are a good financial fit can help reduce the need to raid your retirement account or slow down on your savings. This can also reduce the likelihood of your children needing to support you in retirement.

It’s easy to fall into the trap of lifestyle creep in your 40s. While you may be making more money than you were in your 20s, it’s important to avoid spending it all. By keeping your expenses in check, you can continue to save for retirement and ensure a comfortable future.

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In your 50s, it is important to consider your retirement savings and income. Here are some steps you can take to ensure a successful retirement:

• Save six to seven times your salary. By age 50, experts recommend having six times your salary saved for retirement, and by age 55, you should aim for seven times your salary. Saving aggressively now can help ensure a comfortable retirement.
• Use online calculators to estimate your retirement income. There are many online calculators available that can help you estimate how much monthly income you can generate from your retirement savings, Social Security check, and pension benefit (if applicable). This can help you plan for your retirement income needs.
• Consult with a certified financial planner. While you may enjoy managing your retirement savings yourself, consulting with a certified financial planner can help you develop a successful retirement income plan. Many planners charge a flat or hourly fee for a specific assignment, or you can hire one on an ongoing basis to help manage your finances throughout retirement.
• Take advantage of catch-up contributions. Once you turn 50, the annual contribution limits for IRAs and 401(k)/403(b) plans increase. If you find that you need to save more for retirement, consider making catch-up contributions to your accounts.
• Diversify your retirement savings. If you have primarily saved in traditional retirement accounts, consider saving in a Roth equivalent if your plan offers one. This can help create “tax diversification” and potentially lower your tax bill in retirement.

By taking these steps, you can help ensure a comfortable and successful retirement.

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In your 60s, it is important to ensure that you have saved enough for retirement. By age 60, you should aim to have eight times your salary saved, and by age 67, you should aim to have 10 times your salary saved. This will ensure that you have enough money to last you through your retirement years.

Another important consideration is when to claim your Social Security benefits. While you can start collecting your retirement benefit at age 62, delaying your claim will earn you a higher eventual payout. Waiting until age 70 can result in a 76% higher payout than if you claim at age 62.

If you are still working, it is important to earn just enough to avoid starting retirement account withdrawals. Working at a job that brings in enough to cover your living expenses, even if you can’t afford to continue adding to your retirement savings, is a practical strategy. This gives your savings more time to compound before starting withdrawals, which can result in a higher payout later on.

Invest for Retirement with a Long-Term Focus

When it comes to saving for retirement, how you invest your money is just as important as how much you save. Deciding how much to invest in stocks and how much in bonds is a crucial part of retirement planning. Stocks have historically delivered higher returns than bonds, but they can also be volatile. On the other hand, bonds are more stable but don’t gain as much as stocks.

However, it’s important to consider the impact of inflation when deciding on your stock-bond mix. Over time, inflation causes the cost of goods and services to increase, which can erode the value of your savings. Stocks have historically provided better inflation-beating gains than bonds.

The right balance of stocks and bonds depends on your personal goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. A simple rule of thumb, suggested by Jack Bogle, founder of Vanguard, is to subtract your age from 110. The resulting number is the percentage of your portfolio that you might want to keep in stocks.

Investing for retirement requires a long-term focus. It’s important to resist the temptation to make short-term changes to your portfolio based on market fluctuations. Instead, focus on your long-term goals and stick to a well-diversified portfolio that aligns with your risk tolerance and time horizon. By doing so, you can increase your chances of achieving a comfortable retirement.

Borrow Smart

When it comes to big-ticket purchases, such as a house, car, or college education, borrowing money is often necessary. However, it’s important to only borrow what you truly need in order to build financial security. Lenders may try to persuade you to borrow the maximum amount possible, but it’s up to you to determine what is best for your financial goals.

To borrow smart, consider the following tips:

• Borrow as little as possible to meet your goal. The less you borrow, the more money you have for other goals.
• When buying a car, consider purchasing a used car that has already gone through the initial depreciation period. Buying a less expensive model can also save you money in the long run.
• Don’t be swayed by lenders offering premium packages or unnecessary add-ons. Stick to what you need to meet your goal.
• Consider the impact of the loan on your ability to meet other financial goals. Can you still save for retirement or pay off other debts while making loan payments?

By borrowing smart, you can ensure that you are making the best financial decisions for your future.

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To save money on your home purchase, consider opting for a three-bedroom instead of a four-bedroom home. According to a recent study, the median price of a four-bedroom home is $100,000 more than a three-bedroom. Additionally, a slightly longer commute can also save you money. To free up more money in your budget, borrow as little as possible and work to improve your credit score to qualify for better loan terms. By following these tips, you can save money and achieve your other financial goals.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the 5 areas of personal finance?

Personal finance is a broad term that encompasses several areas of financial management. The five areas of personal finance are budgeting, saving, investing, insurance, and retirement planning.

How can beginners manage their finances?

Managing finances can be daunting for beginners, but there are some simple steps they can take to get started. These include creating a budget, tracking expenses, setting financial goals, and building an emergency fund.

What is the 50 30 20 rule for managing money?

The 50 30 20 rule is a popular budgeting method that suggests allocating 50% of your income to necessities, 30% to discretionary spending, and 20% to savings and debt repayment.

What are the 5 basics of personal finance?

The five basics of personal finance are budgeting, saving, investing, managing debt, and planning for retirement. These areas are essential for achieving financial stability and security.

What is the 10 rule in personal finance?

The 10 rule suggests allocating 10% of your income towards savings and investments. This can help build wealth over time and prepare for future financial goals.

What is the 1 3 rule in personal finance?

The 1 3 rule suggests allocating one-third of your income towards housing expenses, one-third towards living expenses, and one-third towards savings and discretionary spending. This can help maintain a balanced budget and prepare for future financial goals.